Mnemonic Research Articles

Supplemental Material for Mathematical Problem Solving in Emergent Bilingual Children: Is Growth Related to the Navigation Between Two Working Memory Systems?

Supplemental Material for Mathematical Problem Solving in Emergent Bilingual Children: Is Growth Related to the Navigation Between Two Working Memory Systems?

Redefining the Association Between Memory, Mnemonics and Vocabulary Acquisition—Reviewing Paradigms in Research

The role of memory in language learning is indispensable. A child uses an extraordinary amount of memory when learning to recognise words in the language, creating rules for their use, and connecting speech to the environment and mind. Memory and learning are interdependent, as memory is the process of encoding, storing and retrieving information that is crucial to learning. The value of learning new words, along with the role of memory and mnemonic devices in the process of vocabulary acquisition, is rarely discussed. The article aims to give a comprehensive account of the word and its significance, as well as the numerous aspects that influence word learning, together with the value of learning new words and the functions of memory and mnemonic devices involved in the process of vocabulary acquisition. The various memory models, the efficient processing of information with the aid of mnemonics and how mnemonics have changed over time in studying languages and other subjects are reviewed here. The other major aspects of this study are the dual coding method and an explanation of how mnemonics operate and how mnemonics have evolved with time in studying languages and other subjects.

Working memory and inhibitory control deficits in children with ADHD: an experimental evaluation of competing model predictions

IntroductionChildren with ADHD demonstrate difficulties on many different neuropsychological tests. However, it remains unclear whether this pattern reflects a large number of distinct deficits or a small number of deficit(s) that broadly impact test performance. The current study is among the first experiments to systematically manipulate demands on both working memory and inhibition, with implications for competing conceptual models of ADHD pathogenesis. MethodA clinically evaluated, carefully phenotyped sample of 110 children with ADHD, anxiety disorders, or co-occurring ADHD+anxiety (Mage=10.35, 44 girls; 69% White Not Hispanic/Latino) completed a counterbalanced, double dissociation experiment, with two tasks each per inhibition (low vs. high) x working memory (low vs. high) condition. ResultsBayesian and frequentist models converged in indicating that both manipulations successfully increased demands on their target executive function (BF10>5.33x108, p<.001). Importantly, occupying children’s limited capacity working memory system produced slower response times and reduced accuracy on inhibition tasks (BF10>317.42, p<.001, d=0.67-1.53). It also appeared to differentially reduce inhibition (and non-inhibition) accuracy for children with ADHD relative to children with anxiety (BF10=2.03, p=.02, d=0.50). In contrast, there was strong evidence against models that view working memory deficits as secondary outcomes of underlying inhibition deficits in ADHD (BF01=18.52, p=.85).DiscussionThis pattern indicates that working memory broadly affects children’s ability to inhibit prepotent tendencies and maintain fast/accurate performance, and may explain the errors that children with ADHD make on inhibition tests. These findings are broadly consistent with models describing working memory as a causal mechanism that gives rise to secondary impairments. In contrast, these findings provide evidence against models that view disinhibition as a cause of working memory difficulties or view working memory as a non-causal correlate or epiphenomenon in ADHD.

Memory, mood and associated neuroanatomy in individuals with steroid sulphatase deficiency (X-linked ichthyosis).

Steroid sulphatase (STS) cleaves sulphate groups from steroid hormones, and steroid (sulphate) levels correlate with mood and age-related cognitive decline. In animals, STS inhibition or deletion of the associated gene, enhances memory/neuroprotection and alters hippocampal neurochemistry. Little is known about the consequences of constitutive STS deficiency on memory-related processes in humans. We investigated self-reported memory performance (Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire), word-picture recall and recent mood (Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, K10) in adult males with STS deficiency diagnosed with the dermatological condition X-linked ichthyosis (XLI; n = 41) and in adult female carriers of XLI-associated genetic variants (n = 79); we compared results to those obtained from matched control subjects [diagnosed with ichthyosis vulgaris (IV, n = 98) or recruited from the general population (n = 250)]. Using the UK Biobank, we compared mood/memory-related neuroanatomy in carriers of genetic deletions encompassing STS (n = 28) and non-carriers (n = 34,522). We found poorer word-picture recall and lower perceived memory abilities in males with XLI and female carriers compared with control groups. XLI-associated variant carriers and individuals with IV reported more adverse mood symptoms, reduced memory contentment and greater use of memory aids, compared with general population controls. Mood and memory findings appeared largely independent. Neuroanatomical analysis only indicated a nominally-significantly larger molecular layer in the right hippocampal body of deletion carriers relative to non-carriers. In humans, constitutive STS deficiency appears associated with mood-independent impairments in memory but not with large effects on underlying brain structure; the mediating psychobiological mechanisms might be explored further in individuals with XLI and in new mammalian models lacking STS developmentally.

Light‐adaptive Mimicking Retina with In Situ Image Memorization via Resistive Switching Photomemristor Arrays

AbstractArtificial visual memory systems have been of particular interest since the development of machine vision and bionic robots. Ordinarily, the conventional system architecture requires the complex integration of two functional modules, a photo‐sensor and a memory device, which greatly limits the operating efficiency and increases the extra energy consumption. Nonetheless, other simply configured optoelectronics memory devices generally face challenges of adaption in complex light environments. Here, a resistive switching (RS) perovskite‐based photomemristor is presented that mimics the retina function. The dual function of light perception and in situ storage are both achieved. In the dark condition, it exhibits impressive memory performance with a high ON/OFF ratio of 104, a long retention time of over 104 s, and a low operating voltage of 0.38 V. With illumination, it shows self‐powered, broadband photo‐detecting characteristics with responsivity of 70 mA W−1 and detectivity of 7.5 × 1010 Jones. More importantly, benefiting from the material dual‐phase configuration, the highly steady photo‐adjusted RS windows are achieved. Its light‐adaptive memory application in dynamic environments is further demonstrated using the mimicking retina for a machine eye. This work can provide a strategy for enhanced RS photomemristor and its application in changing and varied scenarios.

From silos to synergy: Integrating approaches to investigate the role of prior knowledge and expectations on episodic memory.

Significant progress in the investigation of how prior knowledge influences episodic memory has been made using three sometimes isolated (but not mutually exclusive) approaches: strictly adult behavioral investigations, computational models, and investigations into the development of the system. Here we point out that these approaches are complementary, each approach informs and is informed by the other. Thus, a natural next step for research is to combine all three approaches to further our understanding of the role of prior knowledge in episodic memory. Here we use studies of memory for expectation-congruent and incongruent information from each of these often disparate approaches to illustrate how combining approaches can be used to test and revise theories from the other. This domain is particularly advantageous because it highlights important features of more general memory processes, further differentiates models of memory, and can shed light on developmental change in the memory system. We then present a case study to illustrate the progress that can be made from integrating all three approaches and highlight the need for more endeavors in this vein. As a first step, we also propose a new computational model of memory that takes into account behavioral and developmental factors that can influence prior knowledge and episodic memory interactions. This integrated approach has great potential for offering novel insights into the relationship between prior knowledge and episodic memory, and cognition more broadly.

Efficacy Of Mnemonic Techniques In Enhancing History Achievement Among IX Standard Students

Efficacy Of Mnemonic Techniques In Enhancing History Achievement Among IX Standard Students

Accurate Data Race Prediction in the Linux Kernel through Sparse Fourier Learning

Testing for data races in the Linux OS kernel is challenging because there is an exponentially large space of system calls and thread interleavings that can potentially lead to concurrent executions with races. In this work, we introduce a new approach for modeling execution trace feasibility and apply it to Linux OS Kernel race prediction. To address the fundamental scalability challenge posed by the exponentially large domain of possible execution traces, we decompose the task of predicting trace feasibility into independent prediction subtasks encoded as learning Boolean indicator functions for specific memory accesses, and apply a sparse fourier learning approach to learning each feasibility subtask. Boolean functions that are sparse in their fourier domain can be efficiently learned by estimating the coefficients of their fourier expansion. Since the feasibility of each memory access depends on only a few other relevant memory accesses or system calls (e.g., relevant inter-thread communications), we observe that trace feasibility functions often have this sparsity property and can be learned efficiently. We use learned trace feasibility functions in conjunction with conservative alias analysis to implement a kernel race-testing system, HBFourier, that uses sparse fourier learning to efficiently model feasibility when making predictions. We evaluate our approach on a recent Linux development kernel and show it finds 44 more races with 15.7% more accurate race predictions than the next best performing system in our evaluation, in addition to identifying 5 new race bugs confirmed by kernel developers.

Effectiveness of Mnemonic Instructional Strategy for Enhancing Geography Achievement among Standard IX Students

The investigators employed a quasi-experimental approach to assess the effectiveness of mnemonic instructional techniques in enhancing geography proficiency among ninth- standard students at a Government Girls Higher Secondary School in Namakkal District, Tamil Nadu. Samples were selected using purposive sampling, with two sections, A and C, chosen for the experimental and control groups, respectively. Each group consisted of 40 regular students, with standardized achievement tests conducted as pre-tests and post-tests. The control group followed traditional lesson plans, while the experimental group taught through mnemonic instructional strategies in Tamil, developed and validated by six subject teachers. Results revealed that students taught using mnemonic strategies surpassed those taught traditionally, highlighting the benefits of incorporating mnemonic techniques in geography education, including improved retention, increased engagement, academic success, and the cultivation of transferable skills.

Mental causation: an evolutionary perspective

The relationship between consciousness and individual agency is examined from a bottom-up evolutionary perspective, an approach somewhat different from other ways of dealing with the issue, but one relevant to the question of animal consciousness. Two ways are identified that would decouple the two, allowing consciousness of a limited kind to exist without agency: (1) reflex pathways that incorporate conscious sensations as an intrinsic component (InCs), and (2) reflexes that are consciously conditioned and dependent on synaptic plasticity but not memory (CCRs). Whether InCs and CCRs exist as more than hypothetical constructs is not clear, and InCs are in any case limited to theories where consciousness depends directly on EM field-based effects. Consciousness with agency, as we experience it, then belongs in a third category that allows for deliberate choice of alternative actions (DCs), where the key difference between this and CCR-level pathways is that DCs require access to explicit memory systems whereas CCRs do not. CCRs are nevertheless useful from a heuristic standpoint as a conceptual model for how conscious inputs could act to refine routine behaviors while allowing evolution to optimize phenomenal experience (i.e., qualia) in the absence of individual agency, a somewhat counterintuitive result. However, so long as CCRs are not a required precondition for the evolution of memory-dependent DC-level processes, the later could have evolved first. If so, the adaptive benefit of consciousness when it first evolved may be linked as much to the role it plays in encoding memories as to any other function. The possibility that CCRs are more than a theoretical construct, and have played a role in the evolution of consciousness, argues against theories of consciousness focussed exclusively on higher-order functions as the appropriate way to deal with consciousness as it first evolved, as it develops in the early postnatal period of life, or with the conscious experiences of animals other than ourselves. An evolutionary perspective also resolves the problem of free will, that it is best treated as a property of a species rather than the individuals belonging to that species whereas, in contrast, agency is an attribute of individuals.

In Search of Dispersed Memories: Generative Diffusion Models Are Associative Memory Networks

Uncovering the mechanisms behind long-term memory is one of the most fascinating open problems in neuroscience and artificial intelligence. Artificial associative memory networks have been used to formalize important aspects of biological memory. Generative diffusion models are a type of generative machine learning techniques that have shown great performance in many tasks. Similar to associative memory systems, these networks define a dynamical system that converges to a set of target states. In this work, we show that generative diffusion models can be interpreted as energy-based models and that, when trained on discrete patterns, their energy function is (asymptotically) identical to that of modern Hopfield networks. This equivalence allows us to interpret the supervised training of diffusion models as a synaptic learning process that encodes the associative dynamics of a modern Hopfield network in the weight structure of a deep neural network. Leveraging this connection, we formulate a generalized framework for understanding the formation of long-term memory, where creative generation and memory recall can be seen as parts of a unified continuum.

Transactive Memory Systems and Acquisition Performance: A Strategic Decision Making Process Perspective

AbstractDuring the pre‐merger phase of an acquisition, fundamental decisions are made concerning whether to buy, which company to buy, and how much to pay. Further, acquisitions carry significant firm‐wide implications requiring input from multiple different specializations, and hence, they are the product of the judgements, decisions, and social interactions between top managers. We focus our theory development on a pivotal yet under‐researched top management team characteristic, transactive memory system (TMS). TMS is the shared division of cognitive labour with respect to encoding, storing, and retrieving knowledge from individual areas of expertise. We theorize that TMT transactive memory directly influences the strategic decision making process, which in turn determines acquisition performance. We test our hypotheses with a sample of 109 acquisitions, combining survey and archival data. We find that TMT transactive memory increases reliance on expert intuition and procedural rationality, while reducing political behaviour; and each of these three strategic decision processes carries different implications for acquisition performance. Our study advances theory by explaining the team‐level behavioural mechanisms that underlie acquisition performance.

Cultural Adaptation of the Functional External Memory Aid Tool for Use in the United Kingdom and Australia

Purpose: The Functional External Memory Aid Tool (FEMAT) is a performance-based measure of applied cognitive-linguistic abilities and attempted use of compensatory aids and strategies (e.g., using a calendar to recall an appointment) through completion of simulated everyday living tasks. The FEMAT was originally developed in the United States (US), and a need arose from clinicians to adapt the FEMAT for use in other countries. The aim of this study is to describe the cultural adaptation process that resulted in the United Kingdom (UK) and Australian (AU) versions of the FEMAT via international clinical research partnerships. Method: The FEMAT was adapted into UK and AU cultures using established guidelines for cultural and linguistic adaptation. The adaptation was completed by researchers and clinicians from the US, UK, and AU, and we followed a six-step process: (a) preparation, (b) forward translation, (c) back translation, (d) committee review, (e) field testing, and (f) finalization. Results: The FEMAT items and materials were successfully adapted from the source culture (i.e., English-US) to the target cultures (i.e., English-UK, English-AU). Through the adaptation process, the FEMAT items were determined to be conceptually appropriate for each culture and minimal modifications were made to the FEMAT materials (e.g., voicemail recordings recorded in target dialect). The finalized FEMAT-English-UK and the FEMAT-English-AU versions are available for free on the FEMAT website. Conclusions: Through successful international clinical research collaborations, the FEMAT was successfully adapted for use in other English-speaking cultures. This work provides guidance to streamline future FEMAT cultural adaptations. Supplemental Material: https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.25564461

Design of improved write and read performance 12T sram cell with leakage power control technique

Currently, memory occupies nearly eighty-five percent of the allocated chip area. Integrated electronics, such as workstations and mobile gadgets, need quick memory systems that use low power. Scaling issues make it impossible to obtain low-power and resilient SRAM cells, which are critical for Internet of Things (IoT) devices, using CMOS semiconductor technology. New nanoscale technologies, like FinFET, are being proposed as a substitute for CMOS in SRAM architecture. The study introduces a novel 12T SRAM cell design using FinFET technology, including differential writing and single-ended reading operation facilitated by write-read circuitry. The cell employs a write-assist-based approach to enhance the stability of reading and writing operations accordingly. In addition to differential writing architectures, single-ended reading decreases power use, while stacking transistors and minimizing read bit-line leakage minimizes leakage power utilization. The cell's performance has been evaluated utilizing a Cadence Spectre simulator featuring 18-nm FinFET technology and compared to current SRAM architectures at a supply voltage of 0.8 V. PVT variations are conducted to evaluate the efficiency of the suggested SRAM design. The reading and writing stability of the new SRAM cells has been enhanced by a minimum of 10 % when compared with the current counterparts. A 15 % decrease in power consumption has been seen in the suggested design compared to conventional SRAM cells of the same technology.

How can service organizations build resilience by leveraging capabilities and service worker team knowledge?

Purpose Grounded in dynamic capabilities theory, this study aims to examine how dynamic capabilities and a transactive memory system (TMS) can build the resilience of service organizations and improve their financial performance. Limited studies examine the link between a TMS and organizational resilience. Design/methodology/approach The authors test a theoretical model on a sample of 350 UK service firms that were impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and analyze the data using partial least square structural equation modeling. Findings Results highlight the positive effects of a TMS and dynamic capabilities on organizational resilience. Only a TMS and organizational resilience have direct positive effects on financial performance. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to ascertain the influence of a TMS on organizational resilience in service firms following adversity.

The Role of Transactive Memory System on Knowledge Creation in IT Projects to Accelerate Digital Innovation

The Role of Transactive Memory System on Knowledge Creation in IT Projects to Accelerate Digital Innovation

Memory Systems and the Mnemic Character of Procedural Memory

Memory Systems and the Mnemic Character of Procedural Memory

Recurrent Neural Networks for Image Captioning: A Case Study with LSTM

This research investigates the viability of Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) systems, a subtype of Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), for picture captioning. Leveraging the MS COCO dataset, the study compares the execution of LSTM-based RNNs with Vanilla RNN, Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), consideration components, and transformer-based models. Experimental comes about to illustrate that the LSTM-based RNN shows competitive execution, accomplishing a BLEU-4 score of 0.72, a METEOR score of 0.68, and a CIDEr score of 2.1. The comparative investigation uncovers its prevalence over Vanilla RNN and GRU, highlighting its capability to capture long-range conditions inside successive picture information. Moreover, the study investigates the effect of consideration instruments and transformer designs, exhibiting their potential improvements in the context-aware caption era. The transformer-based show outflanks all other models, accomplishing a BLEU-4 score of 0.78, a METEOR score of 0.72, and a CIDEr score of 2.5. The findings give important bits of knowledge toward the creating scene of picture captioning strategy, which makes LSTM-based RNNs solid and productive approaches for capturing worldly groupings in visual substance. In achieving these, the study provides a framework for future developments in hybrid models and manufacturing processes that push boundaries of smart image perception and understanding

Heterogenous effect of early adulthood stress on cognitive aging and synaptic function in the dentate gyrus.

Cognitive aging widely varies among individuals due to different stress experiences throughout the lifespan and vulnerability of neurocognitive mechanisms. To understand the heterogeneity of cognitive aging, we investigated the effect of early adulthood stress (EAS) on three different hippocampus-dependent memory tasks: the novel object recognition test (assessing recognition memory: RM), the paired association test (assessing episodic-like memory: EM), and trace fear conditioning (assessing trace memory: TM). Two-month-old rats were exposed to chronic mild stress for 6 weeks and underwent behavioral testing either 2 weeks or 20 months later. The results show that stress and aging impaired different types of memory tasks to varying degrees. RM is affected by combined effect of stress and aging. EM became less precise in EAS animals. TM, especially the contextual memory, showed impairment in aging although EAS attenuated the aging effect, perhaps due to its engagement in emotional memory systems. To further explore the neural underpinnings of these multi-faceted effects, we measured long-term potentiation (LTP), neural density, and synaptic density in the dentate gyrus (DG). Both stress and aging reduced LTP. Additionally, the synaptic density per neuron showed a further reduction in the stress aged group. In summary, EAS modulates different forms of memory functions perhaps due to their substantial or partial dependence on the functional integrity of the hippocampus. The current results suggest that lasting alterations in hippocampal circuits following EAS could potentially generate remote effects on individual variability in cognitive aging, as demonstrated by performance in multiple types of memory.

Stimulation of the collective memory of the 1999 Turkey earthquake through the Turkish media coverage of the 2023 earthquake

Turkey has been struck by several powerful earthquakes. Since the 1999 earthquake was the most recent and devastating earthquake before the last one happened in February 2023, many of these media channels’ depictions of the 2023 earthquake in Turkey may have been impacted by the collective memory of the 1999 earthquake. Collective memory of disasters and conflicts frequently takes on special significance as a mechanism for society to cope with the catastrophic events they have witnessed. Collective memory aids societies in dealing with the consequences of such events by giving a feeling of continuity as well as a structure for interpreting and comprehending what occurred. The media and social media are important in developing and conveying collective memory. They play an important role in framing events, transmitting details, and providing a forum for public debate. Social media, in addition to traditional media, has emerged as an innovative platform for the construction and diffusion of collective memory. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the Turkish media depicted the collective memory of the 1999 earthquake in the aftermath of the 2023 earthquake. If the collective memory of the 1999 earthquake is invoked in media coverage of the 2023 earthquake, how is it depicted in terms of lessons learned, public response, and influence on Turkish society? The study’s findings indicate that the analysis of Turkish media coverage pertaining to the 2023 earthquake has demonstrated a restricted collective recollection of the 1999 earthquake.